Physical therapists (PTs) help people recover from injuries, manage chronic conditions, and regain mobility after surgery or illness. They work with patients of all ages to improve physical function and enhance quality of life through personalized treatment plans, hands-on care, and targeted exercises.
As the population ages and awareness of preventive care grows, the demand for skilled physical therapists continues to rise. According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, employment of physical therapists is projected to grow much faster than average over the next decade—making it a stable and rewarding career path.
This career is a great fit for compassionate individuals who enjoy helping others, have a strong interest in health and science, and are comfortable working in a hands-on, patient-centered environment. If you’re passionate about improving lives through movement and rehabilitation, becoming a physical therapist may be the perfect path for you.
USC Online
What Does a Physical Therapist Do?
Physical therapists (PTs) help people improve movement, manage pain, and recover from injuries or medical conditions that affect physical function. Their main goal is to restore a patient’s mobility and quality of life through customized treatment plans and hands-on care.
Common job duties and responsibilities include:
- Evaluating a patient’s condition and mobility limitations
- Developing personalized treatment plans based on patient goals
- Teaching exercises and stretches to improve strength and flexibility
- Performing hands-on techniques like joint mobilization or massage
- Monitoring progress and adjusting treatments as needed
- Educating patients and caregivers on injury prevention and at-home care
Physical therapists work in a wide variety of settings, such as:
- Hospitals – treating post-surgical or trauma patients
- Outpatient clinics – helping individuals with sports injuries, chronic pain, or orthopedic issues
- Rehabilitation centers – focusing on stroke or neurological recovery
- Home health care – providing therapy for patients who are homebound
- Schools – supporting students with physical disabilities or developmental delays
PTs treat a diverse patient population, including:
- People recovering from surgery (knee replacements, spinal operations)
- Elderly individuals dealing with arthritis, balance issues, or mobility challenges
- Athletes healing from sprains, strains, or overuse injuries
- Stroke survivors regaining strength and coordination
- Individuals managing chronic conditions like Parkinson’s disease or multiple sclerosis
No two days are exactly alike in this profession. Physical therapists must be adaptable, compassionate, and ready to help patients reach their goals—one step at a time.
Arcadia University
Steps to Becoming a Physical Therapist
Becoming a licensed physical therapist requires several years of education and training, but each step builds a strong foundation for a successful and rewarding career. Here’s a breakdown of the path:
1. Earn a Bachelor’s Degree
Your first step is completing a bachelor’s degree. While there’s no specific undergraduate major required, most aspiring PTs choose fields like:
- Biology
- Exercise Science
- Kinesiology
- Health Sciences
- Sports Science
In addition to your major, you’ll need to complete prerequisite courses required by most Doctor of Physical Therapy (DPT) programs. These typically include:
- Anatomy and Physiology
- Physics
- Chemistry
- Psychology
- Statistics
2. Gain Clinical or Volunteer Experience
Many DPT programs require applicants to complete a minimum number of observation hours under a licensed physical therapist. This hands-on exposure shows your commitment to the field and gives you a better understanding of the job.
You can gain experience by volunteering or shadowing in settings such as:
- Hospitals
- Outpatient physical therapy clinics
- Rehabilitation centers
- Skilled nursing facilities
- Schools or pediatric clinics
University of Colorado
3. Complete a Doctor of Physical Therapy (DPT) Program
After earning your bachelor’s degree and completing the prerequisites, the next step is enrolling in a CAPTE-accredited DPT program. These programs typically take three years to complete and include both academic coursework and clinical experience.
Core subjects may include:
- Human Anatomy
- Neuroscience
- Biomechanics
- Pathology
- Clinical Reasoning
- Therapeutic Exercise
- Professional Ethics
Students also complete multiple clinical rotations, giving them hands-on experience in different specialties and settings under the supervision of licensed PTs.
4. Pass the NPTE (National Physical Therapy Exam)
Once you complete your DPT program, you’ll need to pass the National Physical Therapy Exam (NPTE) to become licensed. The NPTE tests your knowledge of physical therapy theory, practice, and clinical decision-making.
To prepare, most students:
- Use NPTE prep guides and flashcards
- Take practice exams
- Participate in study groups
You are allowed up to three attempts per year, with a maximum of six lifetime attempts.
5. Obtain Your Physical Therapist State Licensure
After passing the NPTE, you must apply for a license in the state where you plan to practice. Licensure requirements vary by state but may include:
- Background checks
- Application fees
- A state jurisprudence exam (covering local laws and regulations)
Make sure to check your state’s board of physical therapy for specific details.
University of Montana
6. Consider a Residency or Fellowship (Optional)
Though not required, some physical therapists choose to further specialize by completing a residency or fellowship in areas such as:
- Orthopedics
- Sports Physical Therapy
- Neurology
- Geriatrics
- Pediatrics
These advanced programs typically last 9–18 months and provide intensive clinical training in a specific area of practice, often leading to board certification and expanded career opportunities.
7. Maintain Licensure and Continuing Education
To remain licensed, physical therapists must renew their license periodically, typically every 1–2 years. Most states also require a set number of Continuing Education Units (CEUs) to ensure PTs stay current with industry practices, new research, and ethical standards.
Education Pathways to Become a Physical Therapist
Becoming a licensed physical therapist is a long-term commitment that typically takes 7 to 8 years of education and training. While the journey requires time, effort, and financial investment, it can lead to a rewarding and in-demand career in healthcare.
Timeline: From Undergraduate to Licensed Physical Therapist
- Bachelor’s Degree – 4 years
(Includes prerequisite courses required for DPT programs) - Doctor of Physical Therapy (DPT) Program – 3 years
- Licensure and Exam Preparation – A few months after graduation
Some students take additional time to complete observation hours or gain work experience before applying to a DPT program, so the timeline may vary slightly.
Bowling Green State University
Cost Considerations
Undergraduate Degree Costs:
- Varies based on school and residency status
- Public in-state universities: ~$10,000–$20,000 per year
- Private universities: ~$30,000–$50,000 per year
DPT Program Costs:
- Public programs: ~$20,000–$50,000 total
- Private or out-of-state programs: ~$60,000–$120,000+ total
Additional expenses may include textbooks, lab fees, clinical travel costs, and exam fees.
Financial Aid, Scholarships, and Loan Repayment Options
There are several ways to help offset the cost of education:
- Federal Financial Aid (via FAFSA)
- Scholarships from PT associations, universities, or healthcare organizations
- Graduate assistantships or campus jobs during DPT programs
- Loan repayment programs for PTs working in underserved or rural areas (e.g., NHSC Loan Repayment Program, state-based incentives)
Many students also explore income-driven repayment plans after graduation to manage their student loan payments while launching their careers.
Tufts University
Key Skills and Qualities of a Successful Physical Therapist
To thrive as a physical therapist (PT), a combination of technical knowledge and interpersonal skills is essential. Here are some of the most important attributes:
1. Communication and Interpersonal Skills
PTs must effectively communicate with patients to explain treatment plans, demonstrate exercises, and provide encouragement. Clear communication ensures patients understand their therapy and feel motivated to participate actively. Additionally, PTs often collaborate with other healthcare professionals, requiring strong interpersonal skills to coordinate care effectively.
2. Physical Stamina and Strength
The role is physically demanding. PTs spend much of their day on their feet, assisting patients with movements, and sometimes supporting their weight. Demonstrating exercises and handling equipment also require considerable physical endurance and strength.
3. Problem-Solving and Critical Thinking
Each patient presents unique challenges. PTs must assess individual conditions and develop tailored treatment plans. This requires analytical thinking to identify the best therapeutic approaches and adjust them as patients progress.
4. Empathy and Patience
Recovering from injuries or surgeries can be a slow and frustrating process for patients. PTs need to be empathetic, understanding the emotional and physical struggles their patients face, and patient, providing consistent support throughout the rehabilitation journey.
Baylor University
Career Outlook and Salary for PTs
Job Growth Projections
The demand for physical therapists is projected to grow significantly. According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, employment of PTs is expected to increase by 14% from 2023 to 2033, much faster than the average for all occupations. An aging population and a greater emphasis on rehabilitation and chronic condition management drive this growth.
Average Salary by Setting and Experience Level
As of May 2024, the median annual wage for physical therapists in the U.S. was $101,020. Salaries can vary based on the work setting:
- Outpatient Care Centers: $123,900
- Home Health Care Services: $116,500
- Hospitals: $104,520
- Physician Offices: $95,730
- Skilled Nursing Facilities: $101,200
Experience also influences earnings. Entry-level PTs may start with lower salaries, but with experience, especially in specialized areas, compensation can increase substantially.
High-Demand Regions or Specialties
Certain states have higher demand and offer better compensation for PTs:
- California: Highest average salary at $114,270
- Nevada: $111,460
- Alaska: $110,830
- New Jersey: $109,280
- Texas: $106,960
Specializing in fields like orthopedics, geriatrics, or sports medicine can also enhance job prospects and salary potential.
Nova Southeastern University
Specializations in Physical Therapy
As a physical therapist, you have the opportunity to specialize in a particular area of practice based on your interests and career goals. These specializations can enhance your skills, expand your job opportunities, and often lead to higher earning potential.
Orthopedic
Orthopedic physical therapists focus on musculoskeletal injuries and conditions such as joint replacements, fractures, arthritis, and back pain. They work primarily in outpatient clinics and often treat athletes or post-surgical patients.
Pediatric
Pediatric PTs work with infants, children, and adolescents with developmental delays, congenital conditions, or injuries. They help young patients improve movement, coordination, and independence in home and school environments.
Neurological
This specialization focuses on patients with neurological conditions like stroke, traumatic brain injury, Parkinson’s disease, or multiple sclerosis. Neuro PTs help restore function, balance, and mobility while addressing cognitive or motor impairments.
Sports
Sports physical therapists treat injuries related to athletic activities. They often work with athletes at all levels—from amateur to professional—on injury prevention, recovery, and performance enhancement.
Geriatric
Geriatric PTs help older adults maintain mobility, manage pain, and recover from surgeries or age-related conditions like osteoporosis, arthritis, or balance disorders. Their goal is to preserve independence and improve quality of life.
Cardiopulmonary
Cardiopulmonary specialists work with patients recovering from heart or lung conditions, such as heart surgery, COPD, or cardiac arrest. Therapy focuses on improving endurance, circulation, and respiratory function.
Tips for Succeeding in PT School
PT school is academically rigorous and time-intensive, but with the right strategies, you can thrive and make the most of your experience.
Study Habits and Time Management
- Develop a consistent study routine and break tasks into manageable chunks.
- Use active learning methods like flashcards, practice quizzes, and peer teaching.
- Prioritize tasks with deadlines and set realistic goals each week.
Staying Organized During Clinical Rotations
- Keep a dedicated notebook or digital journal for each clinical site.
- Prepare in advance by reviewing patient cases and treatment protocols.
- Ask questions and seek feedback regularly to improve your clinical skills.
Building a Strong Support Network
- Connect with classmates, professors, and mentors for academic and emotional support.
- Join PT student associations or online forums for study resources and career tips.
- Lean on friends and family to help balance school and life outside the classroom.
Alternative Careers in Physical Therapy
If you’re interested in physical therapy but want a different path, there are several related careers that offer fulfilling opportunities in movement science and rehabilitation.
Physical Therapist Assistant (PTA)
Physical therapy assistants work under the supervision of licensed physical therapists to help patients carry out treatment plans. This role typically requires a two-year associate degree and offers a quicker entry into the field.
Occupational Therapy
Occupational therapists help people develop or regain the skills needed for daily living and working. They often work with individuals recovering from injury, disability, or developmental challenges.
Athletic Training
Athletic trainers specialize in injury prevention, assessment, and rehabilitation for athletes. They work in schools, clinics, sports teams, and fitness centers, focusing on physical performance and safety.
Kinesiology or Exercise Physiology
Professionals in these fields study human movement and apply it to fitness, rehabilitation, and health promotion. They may work in clinical, athletic, or wellness settings and often support patients recovering from injuries or improving physical function.
Takeaways
Becoming a physical therapist is a multi-step journey that involves earning a bachelor’s degree, completing a Doctor of Physical Therapy (DPT) program, passing the national licensure exam, and staying current through continuing education. While the path requires commitment and effort, the career offers high job satisfaction, competitive pay, and the opportunity to make a real difference in people’s lives.
If you’re ready to take the next step, start by researching accredited DPT programs and gathering information about prerequisites, application deadlines, and clinical requirements. Talking to an admissions advisor or someone currently working in the field can also give you valuable insight.
Ready to begin your journey? Explore DPT programs near you or online, and take that first step toward a meaningful, hands-on career in physical therapy.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
1. How long does it take to become a licensed physical therapist?
Becoming a licensed physical therapist typically takes 7 to 8 years. This includes 4 years to earn a bachelor’s degree and about 3 years to complete a Doctor of Physical Therapy (DPT) program, followed by time to study for and pass the licensure exam.
2. Do I need a specific major to apply to DPT school?
No, you don’t need a specific major, but most DPT programs require prerequisite courses in biology, anatomy, chemistry, physics, and psychology. Common undergraduate majors include kinesiology, exercise science, and biology.
3. Can I become a physical therapist online?
While some DPT programs offer hybrid formats with online coursework, all accredited programs include in-person clinical training and hands-on lab experiences. There are no fully online DPT programs due to the practical nature of the profession.
4. What is the NPTE, and how hard is it?
The National Physical Therapy Exam (NPTE) is the licensure exam required to practice as a PT in the U.S. It tests your knowledge of clinical science, physical therapy practice, and decision-making. With adequate preparation, most graduates pass on their first attempt.
5. How much does physical therapy school cost?
Costs vary, but a DPT program can range from $20,000 to over $100,000, depending on the school and whether it’s public or private. Don’t forget to include undergraduate costs as well. Financial aid, scholarships, and loan repayment programs are available to help.
6. What’s the difference between a physical therapist and a physical therapist assistant (PTA)?
A physical therapist holds a doctoral degree and creates treatment plans, while a PTA holds an associate degree and helps patients carry out those plans under the PT’s supervision. PTs have more responsibility and earning potential than PTAs.
7. Is a residency or fellowship required after PT school?
No, a residency or fellowship is optional. However, it can help you specialize in a particular area, such as sports or neurology, and may lead to advanced certification and career growth.
8. What kind of salary can I expect as a physical therapist?
As of 2023, the median annual salary for PTs in the U.S. is about $99,710, with higher salaries in settings like outpatient care centers and home health. Experience, location, and specialization can all affect earning potential.
9. Are physical therapists in high demand?
Yes! According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, employment for PTs is expected to grow 14% from 2023 to 2033, much faster than the average for all occupations. The demand is especially strong in aging populations and rural areas.
10. How do I find the right DPT program for me?
Look for a CAPTE-accredited program that fits your schedule, budget, and learning preferences. Consider whether you want a traditional or hybrid format, and don’t forget to check graduation rates, board pass rates, and clinical opportunities.